OVERVIEW OF JOURNALISM

Journalism constantly involves humanity. There are always new and fascinating thing for people know. The aim is the same in all form of journalism whether radio, television, magazines or internet. The journalist as a news finder or fact finder or reporter to pass over, when an event occurred, the journalist asked himself:

i.                  How relevant is the event to the audience of the medium?

ii.              How useful is it to them?

iii.           Of what interest is it to the audience or public?

iv.            How relevant is the event to the audience of the medium?

v.               How useful is it to them?

vi.            Of what interest is it to the audience or public?

From the above questions, the journalist draws guidelines for judging the news of any events, issues. Furthermore, if the event involves well known people, if it is unusual, significant, odd and consequential is newsworthy.

Man had always had appetite for news and his hunger for it has increase over the years. As it is said, man did not live by bread alone, his other necessity is communication. In connection, journalism performs an explaining function to the society exposition. Such as:

What happen?

To whom?

Why?

Who?

These are questions that live in the study of journalism and the functions of journalism. The occupation of journalism is news and news all the time. He must seek it or pursuit it and ensure it through the channel of communication.

Schramm and Roberts (1971), says people follow the news to be sensitive to available ability and to be forewarn about possible dangers ahead. As a result, journalism tries to satisfy these curiosities. Communication is essential to the survival of man in the society. Man communicates to live and live to communicate.

WHAT IS JOURNALISM?

Journalism is the art of investigating and reporting of events which include illustration. The reporting may comes in form of documentary, article or in a photo.

Journalism is the mirror held to life and the mirror should reflect only what is real. It connects people with the news and through the news to the larger world. It monitors the universe on our behalf. According to Mencher (1994), he says journalism capture the success, failure, and sadness of daily lives locally, nationally and internationally. He asked that the body of journalism is fact but people are at it very heart. They give it life, worms and meaning. What people do, what affects them, what they are involves in, constitute what journalism report on every day. Therefore, people shape their direction of destiny of journalism. The purpose of journalism is to make the world a better place for all.

According to Kamath (2008), a professional journalist is the one who is on the pay-roll of a newspaper, magazine, radio or a television station. He report or he may write future, editorial or edit a copy. He is known by different names such as reporter, future writer, news editor etc.

The range of work is as wide as the world around him. He may report on crime, law and order, political development, the executive, the legislature, people, fashion, music, drama, indeed whatever made news. A journalist does more than that. He edits what others write. He comments and criticized and put together the news.

The journalist must be a specialist. As all he thinks, there is no end to a journalist learning because you will be inform and educate others who heavily rely on the media to be introduce to places and event beyond their immediate world.

JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION

Even if Mass Communication and Journalism seems similar, both are entirely different streams. The two a clearly discus below for easy clarification.

DIFFERENCES:

      i.            Mass Communication deals with the procedure of conveying or transmitting a message to the general population through media like radio, newspapers, magazines, television, and internet and so on. However, Journalism is concerned with the compilation and transmission of news through the print media and electronic media.

  ii.            The circulation of information to a wide range of populace remains the key function of mass communications whereas journalism requires investigation and coverage of any incident, occurrence or contemporary affairs, through mass media like the print, televise or new media, whereby lots of people all through the world may be able to know what is happening all over the world.

iii.            Also careers in Mass Communication are vast sector that comprises of so many branches. Aspirants can study their interesting subjects in mass communication. There are many graduate and postgraduate programs in Mass Communication. Numerous leading educational institutions offer diverse courses in the concerned fields. There are also Diploma courses in mass communication. A graduation in the respective fields is a requisite for the entry-level jobs. Aspirants who have completed the various courses in mass communication can seek out for career in private and public sector. Those who pursue the research programs in mass communication can become research analysts in the related areas. Various opportunities are available in commercial world, publishing houses, film industry, media industry, image management agencies and so on for these mass communication professionals.

Journalism courses and career opportunities. There are so many courses in journalism that an aspirant can pursue. It includes Bachelors’, Masters’ and even diploma courses. To become a journalist, aspirants should have at least a graduation in journalism. Detailed awareness in political science, economics, and English language will be really helpful in honing the talents of a journalist. Those who have flair in photography can opt for photojournalism. Journalists have wide scope in India and in foreign countries. They can seek out for careers in print media like newspapers or journals as editors, proof-readers, cartoonist, and features writer and so on. Likewise, in the electronic modes of communication, they can get employed as researchers, production workers, presenters and so on.

iv.            Mass communication is an art while journalism is an act. Journalism stands as a profession while mass communication serves as occupation. Journalism gathers information while mass communication transmits the information.

SIMILARITIES

Journalism and mass communication live interdependently for survival. This means that without journalism, mass communication cannot exist. While without mass communication journalism efforts will be fruitless. This is so as mass communication need information which has been gathered by journalism and transmits it to the public, while journalism need mass communication to pass the information it gathered to the public. Another similarity is their ability of using the mass media to achieve their aims.

FORMS OF JOURNALISM

1.   ADVOCACY JOURNALISM: This type of journalism is where a journalist specialised in writing a story in support of public plan or action. The aim of such journalism is to create awareness to the public.

2.   BROADCAST JOURNALISM: This is the journalism where a journalist specialised in transmitting information through radio (audio) or television (audio/visual).

3.   PHOTO JOURNALISM: This is where a journalist specialised in arranging photos in order to pass or transmit information to the public.

4. INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM: This type of journalism is based on research to find information and transmit it to the public.

5. TABLOID JOURNALISM: This type of journalism is where a journalist engage in writing articles, a lot of pictures and stories about famous people. This type of journalism is more or less sensational.

6. YELLOW JOURNALISM: This journalism involves the writing of articles, stories and features about people or events which is less factual and current. The writer achieve his aim through exaggeration.

7. CITIZEN JOURNALISM: This is a situation where citizens who are not a journalist by profession engage themselves in writing stories, articles and features for the mass media to transmit them to the public.

8. ONLINE JOURNALISM: This is an internet application to the mass media where a journalist write stories, take photos and videos and upload it to the net for public to access the information electronically.

JOURNALISTIC CONCEPT

NEWS

WHAT IS NEWS?

The definition of news is view by many scholars and none is universally accepted. This is because the term news is elusive, slippery and unfixed. News is a report or an account of event that is new, fresh, timely, untimely, happening, has happened, usual, unusual, strange, accurate, inaccurate unique, abnormality, unexpected and nearness of event and interesting to large number of viewers.

The American College Dictionary defines news as "A report of any recent event or situation and as the report of event published in a newspaper" According to Lord Northcliffe' "if a dog bites a man it is no news but if a man bites a dog it's news."

News is a submission of the reporter in the news room. It can be term simply as whatever the media report or transmit to the public. This is so as only the media houses that decide whether a report is a news worthy or not. And it remains the most significant, most popular and most interesting form of the media.

Girais Salama said that news is a report of unbiased and real and retain unknown information that affect the life, welfare and interest of the readers, viewers and listener.

According to Hillard (1978), news is any real happening that may have an interest or effect on people. Therefore, accident, fires, business, public meeting, crime, celebration etc all provide materials for news.

Akinteleye (1987) says, news is an account of unusual event which is more or less compel into reporting.

Kareem (1991) observe that, news is what sales on paper to the public.

Simply put, news is information about events, people or issue that members of the public wants or need to know according to Levin (2000). Reporters often refer to news as stories. He further observed that another quick way to test if something is news is to ask yourself, " Who cares?" if you think enough of your readers, you may need to know if your report is probably news worthy.

News is in fact a communication between human beings from the earliest period of human civilisation. News is information about an event, some development plan, and movement of important persons as it is said, "big names make big news."

TYPES OF NEWS

According to Levin (2000), news stories are open into two broad category this are called hard news and soft news.

- HARD NEWS:- Also called straight news. That is the factual reporting of news that is current and important. Readers wants and need to knows hard news as soon as possible. Stories covering the appointment of new vice-chancellor of Nasarawa State University, Keffi; Revision of admission require and theft of sports equipment from the University's sport office are examples of hard news.

- SOFT NEWS:- Soft news as well as it is called it is usually appeal to be less factual and its less current and important than hard news. An interview with the student musician, result of a survey on students favourite authors and the movie review are all soft news. All media offer soft news.

There is also human elements or interest view. This is the type that causes an intense interest and emotional reaction because it touches people in a way that it can affect any other person positively or negatively. For instance news about a student being murder by unknown people or student winning one million naira in a raffle draw, it will be of interest of other students because this things can also happen to any one of them.

A goods news has the following qualities: Accurate, Balanced, Truthful, Recent, Exact, Perfect, Objective, Impartial, Unbiased, Disinclined, Concise, Short, Brief, To the point, Clear

            20 SCHOLARLY PERSPECTIVES OF NEWS

Since news means different thing to different people base on their different geographical area, the government, the media house, the nature of the audience, individual point of view and personal differences. For that, let’s look at the following definitions of news put forth by different scholars and mass media practitioners and also access their individual point of view.

PROF. CHARLES COATES

According to Prof. Charles Coates, news is what interests the reader, the viewer, the reporter, the editor, the producer, their spouses, and their neighbors. News is what affects their diet and their lives. In this definition news is something that has human interest. No matter how beautiful a story is written, if it does not have human interest it is not news. So news must be something that has the societal appeal from within the reporter, the media house, his immediate environment, it audiences and the society at large.

HARCUP

To Harcup (2012:55) cited in Rabiu (2013) news is a selected version of world events with a focus on what is new and unusual. Rabiu (2013) in one of his lectures says, from the process of news gathering to reporting, you will find out that a lot of choices are made. The reporter in the field after seen a lot of stories, select which one should be covered, after which the media houses choose which stories should be published and which should not base on their policies before the society gets the product of their decisions and which are also new and unusual happenings in the society.

WILLIAMS S. MAULSBYL

William S. Maulsbyl said, news is unbiased account of significant facts of a timely happening that is of interest to the readers of the newspaper that printed the account. In the definition of mass communication, it is the mass information from the mass media to the mass audience. So, the definition is saying that whatever that is put across must be significant and factual which interest not only the target audiences but as well as the media that produced the information.

SAM ZELMAN

Sam Zelman (1980) of CNN in his own part says, news is what is important because of its impact on the society it is what the people want to know and what they want to know. Naturally, a man is born with curiosity (eagerness of knowing this new) around him. For that, the definition is saying that for any story to be gathered by any reporter, he must be conscious that his story should have impact on the people as well as the media house. Also, for any reader, viewer or listener of any message must felt the impact of the story on him or her before he or she reads the story. Also as the says goes,” You do not take panadol for another man’s headache." So any story that has no impacts whether positive or negative on the audiences is not news.

CHARLES DANA

Charles Dana, who ran the New York Sun from 1869-1899, saw news as anything new. He said news is anything that interest a large part of the community and has never been brought to its attention before. That is to say any story which has been brought to the notice and knowledge of the audience is no more news but what the audience have never heard or seen before is news and it must interests large part of that community.

KAREEM

To Kareem (1991) observers that news is what sales on paper to the public. In every production processes the target is the consumer of that very product. At such, the media house that produced the stories select stories which they think will be of interest and benefits to them and the readers. And so it does not matter if the story is new or has impact on the audience or not cannot be news but what suit their taste and policies. This is enough to tell us that, whatever that are presented on newspapers, magazines, radio or television are not the only significant and interesting stories or events that happens around the world but what the media present to us as news.

AKINTELEYE

In the word of Akinteleye (1987), “news is an account of events which is more or less compel into reporting.” That is to say if any account or an event that is not reported is not news. For instance, if a reporter covers a story and did not bring it to be broadcast on radio or television or been published in a newspapers or magazines that is not news. So, news is what is reported or broadcast on radio, television or published in a newspaper or magazines.

TONNIE IREDIA

To Iredia (2013) in one of his lecture said, "Whatever the media report or transmit to the public is news." This is so as only the media house that decide whether a story is news or not. For instance, reporters went to the field and covered some lovely stories and take the stories to the editor. When the editor saw them, he might decide to kill the stories just because it does not conforms to the house style or is against the government or the media owner or base on any other judgments.

MENCHER

According to Mencher (1984) as cited Sambe (2008) "News is information about a break from the normal flow of events, an interruption in the expected. To the definition, news is when those things that used to happen refused to happen or what has never happen before just happen. For instance the case of ebola, a disease that kills it patient within a short period of time will be the biggest news.

RICHARD ROTH

Richard Roth, a New York correspondent for Cable Network News (CNN) said, news can be many things but news is something we (journalist) think that the general public would find important. The definition is centered on the importance and significant values attached to an event that they (journalist) decide to cover because he feel it impact on the society. Now, the question that arises now is what if the journalist did not cover the event? Does that mean that the event is not newsworthy?

NEWS DEFINITIONS FROM SCHOLARLY POINT OF VIEWS

INTRODUCTION

Over the years, the definition of News is one of the major issue and challenge in the field of Mass Communication. Different scholars and practitioners in the field of Mass Communication came up with different definitions which tried to explain the concept of News, yet there is still no universal accepted definition of news. Because, what someone perceived or considered as news might not be news to another person base on individual differences. And that make news not to have a universal standard definition. And at such, even a layman on the street can come up with a definition of the term and still have it right. In the same vein, Rabiu (2014) said that "what is news today might not be news tomorrow. And what is news in one geographical area might not be also news in another geographical area." He later gave an example by saying that news of hazard in the solid minerals industry will be on the front page of Newsday Newspaper in Lafia, Nasarawa State (Home of Solid Minerals) but might not even make the paper in Bayelsa State. Reverse is case or vice versa.

To Itule and Anderson (2007) "One important thing about news is that it is always changing." The changes occurs base on what the reporter report as news. He or she report about event the he or she feels it will interest his or her audience and the media house. He or she judges the event base on the news elements or determinants such as proximity (the degree of one’s nearness to the story), prominence, unusualness, timelines, currency etc.

Shrivastava (2003) portrayed that "Today there is no agreed definition of news ". Wholesely and Cambell (1957) also buttress the assertion by saying "All books have been written in an effort to explain news but there is still no concept for description of it that satisfies the world of Mass Communication. To the words of Muhammad Sani Rabiu (2014:294), he said and I quote:

"For the serious newspapers, called broadsheets, which report soberly and in a matter-of-fact (objectives) way e.g. Thisday, Daily Trust, The Nation and the Guardian, news is information that helps people solves their problems intelligently, e.g. routine weather reports, news about accidents, business etc. But for the tabloids also called the fun press, which inform entertainingly (through the language of reporting, headlines, casting, themes selected and lavish photographs) e.g. The Daily Sun (and its sisters; The Saturday Sun and The Sunday Sun), news is material that is entertaining, that is amusing and relaxing to read. Tabloid Newspapers believe in the saying "People do not live by bread alone (ordinary stories), the need an occasion delicacy (excitement stories) on the success and scandals of film/music/football stars and other outstanding people in politics, business etc."

To the author, even in a diversified medium each still has its own point of view on the definition and the nature of news.

QUALTIES OF A GOOD NEWS

Good writers never stop learning and evolving. You read, listen, borrow and blend to develop a voice that is comfortable and informative. News writers have evolved from writers of hard news stories – give me the facts fast and straight – to using techniques that are more creative. In fact, news reporters would often “phone in” their stories remotely, so they got to the point immediately in case the connection was broken. They also focused on the most essential first, using the inverted pyramid method of containing the who, what, why, when, where and how at the top of a story to avoid having a typesetter trim important details at the end of an article.

In recent years, news writers can be less concerned about having their stories trimmed, especially in the era of online journalism, where stories can be as long as necessary. Regardless of story structure or length, professionals reporters who want a reporter to be interested in their client’s story need to consider and offer journalists ideas that will resonate. Donald Murray, former writer and writing coach at the Boston Globe, says there are seven qualities to a good news story. Professional reporters should understand them before pitching stories.

1.   Information

You need to have concrete details. When reporters ignore your pitches, it is often because they lack substance. Think about the facts and details before you pitch a story.

2.   Significance

Your story pitch may be of utmost important to your client, but what about media outlet’s readers, listeners or viewers? If you are not thinking of the audience, it is likely you will strike out.

3.   Focus

A good story is limited and focused. In PR, we often want a reporter to get all the details. If you give them too much, you will be disappointed. Remember what your core story idea is and stay focused in your pitch.

4.   Context

Good news stories offer readers perspective. Again, your story idea might be of great interest to a company or organization, but you must help the reader understand the story idea in relation to a larger trend or issue.

5.   Faces

Good stories include characters. Think about who will be the face of the story you pitch. Often, reporters folks defer to the top brass; this is not always a great idea. Whomever you put forward – and you should offer up different sources to enhance your success – should understand and be passionate about the story.

6.   Form

Good news stories take shape and give the reader a sense of completion. Again, professionals can help reporters to generate form by offering a well-rounded set of facts and sources for a story.

ELEMENTS OF NEWS

News elements are what makes a report or story news worthy. Some of the elements are discus below. Those involved in broadcast news must understand 12 factors that constitute news value, or newsworthiness.

i.                  Timeliness

ii.              Proximity

iii.           Exceptional quality

iv.            Possible future impact

v.               Prominence

vi.            Conflict

vii.        Number of people involved or affected

viii.     Consequence

ix.            Human interest

x.               Pathos

xi.            Shock value

xii.        Titillation component

·       TIMELINESS: News is what's new. An afternoon raid on a rock cocaine house may warrant a live ENG. report during the 6 p.m. news. However, tomorrow, unless there are major new developments, the same story will probably not be important enough to mention. This means that timeliness is very relevant in determining news. As the news have to come when the audience are ready to receive it. Something that has become public songs cannot attract audience's interest.

·       PROXIMITY: This is the degree of nearness of a reporter's story and the prospect (target audience). This implies that the closer the story settings, the more the interest of the audience capture. E.g. A Nigerian has less attention to any news of Somalia than the news in Nigeria. Another is, if 15 people are killed in your hometown, your local TV station will undoubtedly consider it news. But if 15 people are killed in Manzanillo, Montserrat, Moyobambaor, or some other distant place you've never heard of, it will probably pass without notice. But there are exceptions.

·       EXCEPTIONAL QUALITY: One exception centers on how the people died. If the people in Manzanillo were killed because of a bus or car accident, this would not be nearly as newsworthy as if they died from an earthquake or stings from "killer bees," feared insects that have now invaded the United States. Exceptional quality refers to how uncommon an event is. A man getting a job as a music conductor is not news--unless that man is blind.

·       POSSIBLE FUTURE IMPACT: The killer bee example illustrates another news element: possible future impact. The fact that the killer bees are now in the United States and may eventually be a threat to people watching the news makes the story much more newsworthy. A mundane burglary of an office in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, DC, was hardly news until two reporters named Woodward and Bernstein saw the implications and the possible future impact. Eventually, the story behind this seemingly common burglary brought down a U.S. President.

·       PROMINENCE: This has to do with well known people in the society. If your mistress gave birth to a new born child, it not news but if the wife of Mr. president give birth it is news worthy. The 15 deaths in Manzanillo might also go by unnoticed by the local media unless someone prominent was on the bus--possibly a movie star or a well-known politician. If a U.S. Supreme Court Justice gets married, it's news; if John Smith, your next-door neighbor, gets married, it probably isn't.

·       CONFLICT: Conflict in its many forms has long held the interest of observers. The conflict may be physical or emotional. It can be open, overt conflict, such as a civil uprising against police authority, or it may be ideological conflict between political candidates. The conflict could be as simple as a person standing on his principles and spending a year fighting city hall over a parking citation. In addition to "people against people" conflict, there can be conflict with wild animals, nature, the environment, or even the frontier of space.

·       THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE INVOLVED OR AFFECTED: The more people involved in a news event, be it a demonstration or a tragic accident, the more newsworthy the story is. Likewise, the number of people affected by the event, whether it's a new health threat or a new tax ruling, the more newsworthy the story is.

·       CONSEQUENCE: The fact that a car hit a utility pole isn't news, unless, as a consequence, power is lost throughout a city for several hours. The fact that a computer virus found its way into a computer system 68 TV News Reporting and Production MCM 516 VU might not be news until it bankrupts a business, shuts down a telephone system, or endangers lives by destroying crucial medical data at a hospital.

·       HUMAN INTEREST: Human-interest stories are generally soft news. Examples would be a baby beauty contest, a person whose pet happens to be a nine-foot boa constrictor, or a man who makes a cart so that his two-legged dog can move around again. On a slow news day even a story of fire fighters getting a cat out of a tree might make a suitable story. (Or, as shown here, a kid meeting a kid.) Human-interest angles can be found in most hard news stories. A flood will undoubtedly have many human-interest angles: a lost child reunited with its parents after two days, a boy who lost his dog, or families returning to their mud-filled homes.

·       PATHOS: The fact that people like to hear about the misfortunes of others can't be denied. Seeing or hearing about such things commonly elicits feelings of pity, sorrow, sympathy, and compassion. Some call these stories "tear jerkers." Examples are the child who is now all alone after his parents were killed in a car accident, the elderly woman who just lost her life savings to a con artist, or the blind man whose seeing-eye dog was poisoned. This category isn't just limited to people. How about horses that were found neglected and starving, or the dog that sits at the curb expectantly waiting for its master to return from work each day, even though the man was killed in an accident weeks ago.

·       SHOCK VALUE: An explosion in a factory has less shock value if it was caused by gas leak than if it was caused by a terrorist. The story of a six year-old boy who shot his mother with a revolver found in a bedside drawer has more shock (and therefore news) value than if same woman died of a heart attack. Both shock value and the titillation factor (below) are well known to the tabloid press. The lure of these two factors is also related to some stories getting inordinate attention, such as the sordid details of a politician's or evangelist's affair--which brings us to the final point.

·       TITILLATION COMPONENT: This factor primarily involves gender and is commonly featured which some would say exploited during gender sensitive.

PLACES AND HOW TO FIND OR SOURCE FOR NEWS

1.   Have curiosity and don't question why. Don't always wonder why and say there is hope for you.

2.   Get of the office. Stories will not hide behind the four corners of the room. You need to go out and look for news.

3.   Listen to what you hear in club, business centres and in the streets.

4.   Read as many newspaper and magazines. Also listen to varieties of radio stations and watch a number of television stations and possibly gain idea for stories.

5.   Go to seminars and workshops and learn allot from there.

6.   Monitor foreign news, broadcast and forecast or waves. These will open a space view and widen your scope of reasoning.

7.   Keep your future file. This will tutor your memory and stimulate you to think of stories you need to recover. The editors will value you as an organisation reporter. If you keep the file on what is coming up.

8.   Consistently keep contact with your sources i.e. The people who gives you information. Be more often receive them, the more likely the trust you unless you are an untrustworthy. In this case, the more they see you the more they mistrust you.

9.   Check foreign embassy frequently, especially press officers at the embassies. Tried to talk directly to them.

10.                     People who work at airport are frequently knowledgeable about going and coming of interesting people. Therefore, have a source who knows the departures and arrival of people. Be friendly with airline staff.

11.         Spend time in the market and other place where people gather.

12.         Talk with fellow journalist, vocationally, you will get a new idea for a story from them.

13.         From time to time, university professors and administrators are news source. Know their view and know what is going on.

14.         Swap comments with politicians, officials. Most of them love to hear what other says about them and will also give you every bit of information you need to know.

15.         Take time to walk around your cities or area, look with fresh eyes at what is happening. Driving in a car will not do this work. Go on foot and experience your community. Don't isolate yourself.

16.         Remember that editors love an enterprising or self-starting reporter. They have trouble getting ideas themselves and will embrace you if you make their work easier.

NEWS SOURCE

As a reporter develops nose for news you will find stories almost where you chose. Stories may even find him because someone may give him a tip-information that leads to a potential story.

Usually, a reporter can get a stories or ideas from a source. A source provides reliable, truthful information on a topic. Sources are not just resources of stories. Once a reporter finds a stories he need to locate sources to give him enough useful facts to complete his story. If a reporter is writing a story about the falling standard of education, the sources he can interview include; the student affected, the teachers who teach, the principal who held in secondary schools, the director of education, the permanent secretary, the commissioner of education and even the governor of the state who is suppose to allocate enough funds to the sector.

TYPES OF NEWS SOURCE

Two types of news source can be identified namely, primary and secondary source.

- Primary Source

The primary source offers the best and most reliable information on the topic- information that is essential to your stories. Usually, a primary source is an expert someone recognise as a leading authority on the topic or the primary source is the person with the first found information on the topic e.g. An accident story, primary sources will be the surviving passenger on the bus who witness the scene, the driver and the by-standers who were there when it happen. A primary source may also be an original and official report. For instance, a reporter writing on the falling standard of education in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, if he is able to get an official document containing and detailing facts on the topic then that official report is also a primary source for him. A reporter should always find at least one primary source on his stories but he should not stop on none. He should use as many as he needs to tell the story.

- Secondary Source

This type of source offers a reliable second-hand information on the topic. Different books and other media are common secondary source especially radio stations. People's comments are also part of a secondary source. A reporter uses secondary source to expand his information.

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